Certain old-fashioned prescriptive grammars describe this as a required comma. Today, like the Oxford comma, this comma seems to be more a question of style. Not only is this adverb introductory, it is supplemental. It doesn't modify any element within the following clauses, but rather modifies the rest of the sentence as a whole. Once again, elements that are not joined by a conjunction are necessarily separated by a comma. We know that the two coordinations which are the objects of the words "which" are three-element coordinations because the coordinate conjunctions come before the third elements.
Similarly, we know that the compound sentences each contain two clauses because the coordinating conjunctions appear between pairs of clauses.
Because the coordination of independent clauses in both compound sentences happens to be shorter and simpler than the introductory prepositional phrases which modify them, the lack of commas between clauses is the style that I prefer. The three-element coordinations also contain complete clauses. I would label them as subordinate clauses and label each "where" as a preposition that takes a coordination of subordinate clauses as its object.
The reasons I find the lack of a comma before these coordinating conjunctions to be better style are that there is no stronger punctuation available to end the introductory phrase and that the three-element coordinations are subordinate to the phrases which employs them. Sign up to join this community. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top. Stack Overflow for Teams — Collaborate and share knowledge with a private group. Create a free Team What is Teams?
Learn more. Please explain why the commas are used Ask Question. Asked 5 years ago. Active 5 years ago. It simply introduces the main subject and verb. There are medium introductory bits. Often these are two- to four-word prepositional phrases or brief -ing and -ed phrases:. Throughout his early life, he felt a strong affinity with a playful dolphin named Flipper.
Frankly speaking, Godzilla wanted to play the same kinds of roles that Flipper was given. Dissatisfied with destruction, he was hoping to frolick in the waves with his Hollywood friends.
There are large introductory bits more than 4 words. These words function as connectors. They can connect words, phrases, and clauses, like this:. Notice the comma in the final example.
You should always have a comma before FANBOYS that join two independent clauses two subjects and two verbs that make up two complete thoughts. Do they make a complete thought? You can read your own writing in the same way. Learning how and when to use commas correctly is vital for proper punctuation and grammar.
You want your writing to be clear and engaging. Using commas correctly can help you do that. In This Article Hide. Why and when to use commas Connecting two independent clauses. Eliminate confusion. Separate items. Introductory adverbs. Address elements. Full dates. Reply What about the period? One or two spaces after? Reply In the case of a full stop or period, when writing a book, it should be one space after, when writing a formal letter, it should be two spaces after.
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In life was very different. Suddenly, an angry black cat sprang from the shadows. Before eating the family said grace. Before eating, the family said grace. This box is lighter, than that box. This box is lighter than that box. Hardcover books are more expensive, than paperback books. Hardcover books are more expensive than paperback books. Interrupters are little thoughts that pop up in the middle of a sentence to show emotion, tone, or emphasis.
A parenthetical element is a phrase that adds extra information to the sentence but could be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. Both interrupters and parenthetical elements should be set off with commas. The weather I was happy to see was beginning to clear.
The weather, I was happy to see, was beginning to clear. It was sadly the last day of camp. It was, sadly, the last day of camp. Mary unlike Anne is very organized. Mary, unlike Anne, is very organized. A question tag is a short phrase or even a single word that is added to the end of a statement to turn it into a question.
Writers often use question tags to encourage readers to agree with them. A question tag should be preceded by a comma. I know, right? Hello, Chester. An appositive is a word or phrase that refers to the same thing as another noun in the same sentence. Often, the appositive provides additional information about the noun or helps to distinguish it in some way.
If you could remove the appositive without changing the meaning of the sentence, it is said to be nonessential and should be set off with commas. Nonessential appositives: My sister, Angela, is a wonderful cook. Chocolate, my favorite treat, always makes me feel better after a bad day.
July 4, , was an important day in American history. I was born on Sunday, May 12, Applications are due by 31 December Please join us on Saturday, June 14, , for the marriage of Annie and Michael.
The region experienced record rainfall in March When multiple adjectives modify a noun to an equal degree , they are said to be coordinate and should be separated by commas.
One way to tell whether the adjectives are coordinate is to try switching the order of them. If the sentence still sounds natural, the adjectives are coordinate. That man is a pompous, self-righteous, annoying idiot. That man is a self-righteous, annoying, pompous idiot. The sweet, scintillating aroma of cinnamon buns filled the kitchen. The scintillating, sweet aroma of cinnamon buns filled the kitchen.
The adorable, little boy was eating ice cream.
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